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While typically referred to as "spitting", the action is more like squirting. Several Naja species, referred to as spitting cobras, have a specialized venom delivery mechanism, in which their front fangs, instead of ejecting venom downward through an elongate discharge orifice (similar to a hypodermic needle), have a shortened, rounded opening in the front surface, which ejects the venom forward, out of the mouth. Some also have cardiotoxic components to their venom. Most species have strongly neurotoxic venom, which attacks the nervous system, causing paralysis, but many also have cytotoxic features which cause swelling and necrosis, and have a significant anticoagulant effect. Venom Īll species in the genus Naja are capable of delivering a fatal bite to a human. Fang structure is variable, all species except the Indian cobra ( Naja naja) and Caspian cobra ( Naja oxiana) have some degree of adaptation to spitting. All have a characteristic ability to raise the front quarters of their bodies off the ground and flatten their necks to appear larger to a potential predator. Maximum lengths for some of the larger species of cobras are around 3.1 m (10 ft), with the forest cobra arguably being the longest species. Most species are capable of attaining lengths of 1.84 m (6.0 ft). Naja species vary in length and most are relatively slender-bodied snakes. Mayrhofer calls this etymology " unglaubhaft ", "not credible", and suggests a more plausible etymology connecting it with Sanskrit nagna, "hairless, naked". Some hold that the Sanskrit word is cognate with English "snake", Germanic: *snēk-a-, Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, but this is unlikely. The origin of this genus name is from the Sanskrit nāga (with a hard "g") meaning "snake".
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